France has entered a long period of political instability due to the inability to find a majority to adopt the necessary measures to restore public finances. At the heart of these is the question of the balance of pension systems faced with the ageing of the population. As life expectancy increases, the length of time a retiree receives his or her benefits increases, which generates additional costs. The proposed solution, the postponement of the legal retirement age, is the subject of strong opposition among the population. Its suspension is not considered sufficient, which risks paralysing government action with the blocking ...

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In a world marked by military and commercial conflicts with serious economic consequences, close cooperation between European states has never been so essential, but never have the institutions created for this purpose appeared so incapable of responding to these challenges. By invading Ukraine, Russia had disrupted the conditions of access to fossil fuels. By triggering a trade war, Washington was disrupting the supply chains of European companies. By transforming its economic model, China had allowed the birth of industrial groups taking advantage of the size of their domestic market and posing a threat to their European counterparts.

Since its creation ...

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Nearly two and a half centuries ago, Adam Smith published the Research on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. It set out principles that would become the basis for economic thinking about value creation and how to grow it, and the rules to be adopted to achieve these goals. Today, it is wealth creation and not wealth itself, built up over the years, that has become the focus of economic thinking and political debate. Growth, the increase in the wealth produced, has become the objective of governments, which have made it the main tool for improving the ...

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