The purpose is not a new one. Previously, during the Seventies, appeared the need to separate growth, indispensable for guaranteeing employment and the level of life increase, with energy consumption. The two oil shocks had destabilized foreign trades and France, at that time, was not protected by the euro against the speculation caused by its external deficit. Energy supply safety had become a priority, which had lead to the choice in favor of nuclear power production. Today, the stakes are the climate but the objective is the same: it is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions coming from energy consumption, and ...

Continue reading

In April, French 10 years Bonds interest rate has fluctuated between -0.07% and +0.08%. That astonishing stability brings at first a serious denial to these who for years are announcing that low rates are a disorder and that they will inevitably rebound. The situation is not characteristic of France. In several other European countries, sometimes more indebted, rates remained at a very low level. In the United States, uncertainties about the new president economic policy and his ability to make it approved by the Congress had brought some volatility. But the 10 years Bond has never exceeded 1 ...

Continue reading

When he was going to East-Berlin, a few months after the fall of the Wall, the attention of the visitor was attracted on the large city squares by the queues around trucks which have been transformed in travel agencies. Berliners would, at last, can see again their closed relatives or discover neighboring countries. But it was not all. Women were also pressing themselves around street desks set to buy tights. Their sale had been forbidden by the regime because this consumption habit was imported from capitalist countries. So their political leaders didn’t deprive themselves to intervene on the most ...

Continue reading