The economic and financial consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic and of the Ukraine invasion by Russia, which are adding to themselves and during more than forecasted in the Western countries are so heavy that it is not anymore excessive to talk about a global crisis. China has not been saved due to its very strict policy and to the breakout of supply chains built during the last decades and which were at the origin of the globalization. At the eve of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party which will decide, in all probability, to give a third five-years mandate ...

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The long-term interest rates increase is going on in France. The 10 years State bond showed September 23^rd a 2.49% return. The move is a general one in the Western world and it results from the adoption by the central banks of more restrictive monetary policies in order to fight against inflation. The Federal Reserve has just increased its basis rate by 0.75% for the third time to put it at 3%, which was forecast, and has announced, which was less expected, new significant increases in a near future. Inflation has reached year-on-year 8.3% in August ...

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Just ten years ago, Mario Draghi, chairman of the European Central Bank, announcing in July 2012 that he will do all it is necessary “whatever it costs” to save the euro and putting into practice this decision, rescued the common currency. Europe was hardly emerging from the recession caused by the “sub-prime” crisis. The disclosure that Greece, with the assistance of a merchant bank, had forged its accounts in order to dissimulate the situation of its public finances, had started high tensions inside the euro zone. They were amplified by the revelation of the weakness of the Irish banks which ...

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