During a century, the access to oil has constituted a major strategic stake and has been at the center of geopolitical tensions leading even sometimes to wars. At the end of the Ottoman Empire, England and the United States, to which France lately joined, have redrafted the Middle East map according to the localization of the oilfields. The Pearl Harbor attack has been initiated by Japan threat to be deprived of its oil supply by the U.S. If the German army went to Stalingrad to fight, it was with the purpose to have access to Caspian Sea and its ...

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Never-ending discussions between thousands of delegates of near two hundreds States and international organizations, a compromise text whose interpretation is confusing and vague commitments, so is the result of the COP 26. Yet, everything is not negative. This conference has shown a turnaround in the world public opinion and the skepticism about climate warming, about its causes and its consequences, has strongly retreated. No more major country, as during the Trump mandate, today dares to dispute the importance of the phenomenon and its challenges. But the track is long between the expressed intentions exposed by everyone, the conclusion of an ...

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The importance granted to two major international meetings, the Roma G20 which has just been concluded with several agreements, and the COP 26 which will be held in Glasgow shows to which point, regarding economic and environmental issues, States action is recovering its essential character. It is a major turnaround compared to the last twenty years when the “liberal globalization” had essentially been based on the decisions taken by private actors, sometimes managed by the central banks whose independency against any public intervention was granted. The Keynesian receipts were sent back to the history sidelines and free competition between actors ...

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