Three among the most important central banks in the world have just announced the bounds inside which their actions will be inscribed in 2022. The Bank of England has informed without any ambiguity of its will to conduct a restrictive policy through increasing again its main interest rate by a quarter of a point two months after a first augmentation. The Federal Reserve in the United States appeared more moderate but is determined to act against inflation. It has confirmed the coming at an end of its economy supporting program through the acquisition of bonds on the market and has ...

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Climate warming is, for the first time, one of the major issues in the French presidential elections. Each candidate pledges his credibility on the answers he proposes but these ones are frequently hazy and even sometimes in contradiction with the other proposals inscribed in their programs. To announce ambitious objectives about the reduction of greenhouse emissions is not enough. The achievement of these objectives must be credible and square with the challenges with which the world is confronted. To bring convincing answers, it is necessary to take into account three realities.

First, climate warming is a global phenomenon. It is ...

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Last week, the central Banks of the United States, the United Kingdom and the euro zone had each one a meeting in a context affected by the uncertainties about the evolution of the covid-19 pandemic, about the durability of the economic rebound in the concerned countries and about the character of the inflation which affects them in order to define and to make public the guidelines of their monetary policy for the year to come. Through the definition of a guideline, these institutions which have become essential actors of the economic policy intend to avoid the disorders which could occur ...

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