Colonization has been, over the centuries, a historical phenomenon with major consequences. The Roman Empire, and even long before that, its Chinese counterpart, expanded their territories and brought their language and culture. At the end of the Middle Ages, the European nations imposed their domination on the New Continent and as far as Asia. What animated the leaders was above all their desire for power. Gradually, the security of trade routes and access to raw materials that these states lacked were additional motivations.

Decolonization began at the end of the eighteenth century with the creation of the United States, facilitated ...

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According to figures published every day by the Agence France Trésor, which manages France's public debt, the rate on 10-year government bonds (OATs) reached 3.59% on December 11, after 3.61% the day before, the day after the National Assembly adopted the Social Security financing bill. This was the highest level in recent years and 0.3% higher than the rate observed at the beginning of the month. Does this market evolution reflect an increased mistrust of the French economy, when one could have legitimately hoped the opposite after the success achieved by the government?

Certainly not ...

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There is a striking contrast between the real situation of the American economy and the frequently catastrophic judgment about the French economy. In Parliament, discussions on the 2026 budget are beginning and the rating agency Standard & Poors has just downgraded France's rating to A+ with a stable outlook from AA- with a negative outlook. The fragility of the government, characterized by the narrowly rejection of a motion of censure and a heavy debt justified this decision. And it has triggered a wave of alarmist comments aimed at pushing through a rigorous budget despite a political context that is not ...

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