At the moment when we learnt that EDF and General Electric had started discussions about the buy-out of the production and the maintenance of the turbines equipping the nuclear power plants, which had been bought to Alstom six years earlier, was announced that the France trade deficit had reached a record with 84.7 billion euro. But no connection was made between the news. Yet the connection exists and it is essential. 2021 has been affected by a strong increase of the energy bill since the second half of the year, as a consequence of the geopolitical tensions which had ...

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Three among the most important central banks in the world have just announced the bounds inside which their actions will be inscribed in 2022. The Bank of England has informed without any ambiguity of its will to conduct a restrictive policy through increasing again its main interest rate by a quarter of a point two months after a first augmentation. The Federal Reserve in the United States appeared more moderate but is determined to act against inflation. It has confirmed the coming at an end of its economy supporting program through the acquisition of bonds on the market and has ...

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Climate warming is, for the first time, one of the major issues in the French presidential elections. Each candidate pledges his credibility on the answers he proposes but these ones are frequently hazy and even sometimes in contradiction with the other proposals inscribed in their programs. To announce ambitious objectives about the reduction of greenhouse emissions is not enough. The achievement of these objectives must be credible and square with the challenges with which the world is confronted. To bring convincing answers, it is necessary to take into account three realities.

First, climate warming is a global phenomenon. It is ...

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