Liberalism has not the same signification in France than in Anglo-Saxon countries where it refers to political or societal issues. In France, it applies to economy and to a policy which confers to private economic agents the duty to reach major internal (price, full employment) equilibriums and external balances through the adjustment of the currency rate. To give a larger significance to this model, it has been invented the neo liberalism concept. It will be relaunched under Ronald Reagan mandate in the U.S. at the beginning of the Eighties through putting an end to policies inspired by Keynes and ...

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Two major international meetings will be held at the end of the week. Leaders from the U.S, Canada, Japan, Germany, Italy and France, the country which hosts the Summit will get together in Biarritz. The creation of such “Summits” was decided in the middle of the Seventies. Their purpose was mainly economic. At that time, the world is emerging from the fixed currencies system instituted after the war and crisis are going one after the other. So heads of States and of governments are considering it is useful to talk to each other, to get informed about the intentions ...

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For several weeks, we don’t count the number of pessimistic forecasts or even catastrophic ones made by economists. That has started at the end of last year with Alain Minc who thought that “the financial markets fall was unavoidable”. We saw during 2019 first half their strongest rise for more than ten years. The origin of this pessimism results both in the situation of the major countries as it is presented and the observed rebound of international tensions which is affecting trust in the future. It is also the consequence of what the Queen of England said one day ...

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