The very strong passed and announced price increases of the fossil energies and of power remind us a time we thought it was bygone, with the oil prices shocks of the Seventies. The Middle-East and African countries oil producers did gather in 1960 to create OPEC in order to counterbalance oil majors full power. In 1973 the organization decided to limit its production and ordered an embargo against the United States and the Low Countries as the consequence of the Kippur war. The barrel price jumped from 3 to 12 dollars. A new disequilibrium occurred on the market four years ...

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The French government has just published its social security and finance bills for the year 2022. They do not constitute commitments because next year, presidential and National Assembly elections will occur. So the future government will have full discretion to take or to deeply modify the measures which will be adopted. But these texts carry precise data regarding the public finance current situation and its foreseeable short term evolution, under the hypothesis, of course, that we don’t see a new wave of the pandemic.

The budget is presented on the basis of better growth forecasts than what was expected ...

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Forty years ago, precisely on 1981 September 22nd, François Mitterrand inaugurated the High-Speed line between Paris and Lyon and delivered in Le Creusot a decisive speech in favor of the re-launch of the construction of the necessary infrastructures to the country equipment, which has been the starting point of the exceptional development of this new mode of transportation. If this anniversary has been the occasion of a ceremony to which the President of the Republic attended and of a large media coverage, very few comments were maid about the major turnaround operated in the France railway policy at that ...

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