The interest rate on the French State 10-years bond has reached 0.68% at the market closure last Friday. It was a light diminution compared to the previous days when it had overpassed 0.70% but a strong increase since the beginning of the year. In 2021, the 10- years rate had been all along the year near zero. The fall had started in 2019 when it had been clearly negative (-0.40% in August for instance). It stabilized in 2020 and had finished the year at -0.34%. The short term rates, them, remained under zero for three years ...

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At the moment when we learnt that EDF and General Electric had started discussions about the buy-out of the production and the maintenance of the turbines equipping the nuclear power plants, which had been bought to Alstom six years earlier, was announced that the France trade deficit had reached a record with 84.7 billion euro. But no connection was made between the news. Yet the connection exists and it is essential. 2021 has been affected by a strong increase of the energy bill since the second half of the year, as a consequence of the geopolitical tensions which had ...

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Climate warming is, for the first time, one of the major issues in the French presidential elections. Each candidate pledges his credibility on the answers he proposes but these ones are frequently hazy and even sometimes in contradiction with the other proposals inscribed in their programs. To announce ambitious objectives about the reduction of greenhouse emissions is not enough. The achievement of these objectives must be credible and square with the challenges with which the world is confronted. To bring convincing answers, it is necessary to take into account three realities.

First, climate warming is a global phenomenon. It is ...

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