During a long period of time, energy policies were following economic or strategic considerations : to exploit natural resources the best possible way for those which had them, to guarantee supply security, to support the development of industrial sectors bringing a relative independence accompanied with job creations and exports which resulted from them. This time seems to be over in some countries like Germany and France where “turnarounds” in energy policies have been largely influenced by political considerations.

Angela Merkel CDU is much less strong than it is generally believed. It governs thanks to an alliance with Bavaria CSU but it ...

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2016 will be, in Europe, a critical year but not for the reasons we think. A Brexit is unlikely. To gamble with the idea in a poll or at the Commons, in order to show his dissatisfaction is one thing, to risk to destabilize the economy of his country is a different thing. The City relies on the implantation of international banks and a lot of non European enterprises have chosen England as an entry point to Europe. Its deficit financing depends on foreign investors. Electors begin to be aware of these realities. Prime Minister Cameron knows it. But, in ...

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2015 hasn’t been a year as any. Oil, Yuan, Fed, Europe and France have known majors turning points. Some of them will generate structural evolutions which will affect the world economy at least for its next ten years.

Oil, first. 2015 has brought the confirmation that price fall observed at the end of 2014 was not only the result of geostrategic choices, Gulf States, with Sunnite predominance, willing to weaken Shiite Iran and the United States trying to cut Russian resources after Ukrainian crisis. OPEC decision to maintain the level of its production, confirmed a year later, was the ...

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