Nearly two and a half centuries ago, Adam Smith published the Research on the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. It set out principles that would become the basis for economic thinking about value creation and how to grow it, and the rules to be adopted to achieve these goals. Today, it is wealth creation and not wealth itself, built up over the years, that has become the focus of economic thinking and political debate. Growth, the increase in the wealth produced, has become the objective of governments, which have made it the main tool for improving the ...

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There is a striking contrast between the real situation of the American economy and the frequently catastrophic judgment about the French economy. In Parliament, discussions on the 2026 budget are beginning and the rating agency Standard & Poors has just downgraded France's rating to A+ with a stable outlook from AA- with a negative outlook. The fragility of the government, characterized by the narrowly rejection of a motion of censure and a heavy debt justified this decision. And it has triggered a wave of alarmist comments aimed at pushing through a rigorous budget despite a political context that is not ...

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Energy is a strategic sector for the economic life as well as for the independence of a country. The State, all over the world, intervenes to ensure the security of supplies and to ensure that companies and households have access to them at prices that do not affect their competitiveness and protect their purchasing power. The sector is also essential for the environment. The production and consumption of the various forms of energy must limit as much as possible the release of particles that are harmful to the health of the inhabitants living in the vicinity as well as the ...

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