Since the liberalization of trade and the internationalization of financial markets, central banks have become major players in the choice and implementation of economic policy. They have different missions and statuses depending on the country or continent. Of all, it is the European Central Bank (ECB) that has the greatest freedom of action, thanks to its independence enshrined in its founding treaty and the definition of its mission in its statute, to reduce and maintain inflation in the euro zone to a level below but close to 2%. It can then act to support growth and employment.

The US Federal ...

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Colonization has been, over the centuries, a historical phenomenon with major consequences. The Roman Empire, and even long before that, its Chinese counterpart, expanded their territories and brought their language and culture. At the end of the Middle Ages, the European nations imposed their domination on the New Continent and as far as Asia. What animated the leaders was above all their desire for power. Gradually, the security of trade routes and access to raw materials that these states lacked were additional motivations.

Decolonization began at the end of the eighteenth century with the creation of the United States, facilitated ...

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According to figures published every day by the Agence France Trésor, which manages France's public debt, the rate on 10-year government bonds (OATs) reached 3.59% on December 11, after 3.61% the day before, the day after the National Assembly adopted the Social Security financing bill. This was the highest level in recent years and 0.3% higher than the rate observed at the beginning of the month. Does this market evolution reflect an increased mistrust of the French economy, when one could have legitimately hoped the opposite after the success achieved by the government?

Certainly not ...

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